美国居民膳食指南
Dietary Guidelines for Americans - 美国居民膳食指南
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Dietary Guidelines) provides advice on what to eat and drink to meet nutrient needs, promote health, and prevent disease. It is developed and written for a professional audience, including policymakers, healthcare providers, nutrition educators, and federal nutrition program operators. The U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) work together to update and release the Dietary Guidelines every five years. Each edition of the Dietary Guidelines reflects the current body of nutrition science.
美国人膳食指南提供了关于饮食的建议，以满足营养需求，促进健康和预防疾病。它是为专业受众开发和编写的，包括政策制定者、医疗保健提供者、营养教育者和联邦营养计划运营商。美国卫生与公众服务部（HHS）和农业部（USDA）合作，每五年更新和发布一次膳食指南。每个版本的膳食指南都反映了当前的营养科学体系。
You Need to Know About the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025
- Limiting added sugars* to less than 10% of calories per day for ages 2 and older and to avoid added sugars for infants and toddlers;
- Limiting saturated fat to less than 10% of calories per day starting at age 2;
- Limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300mg per day (or even less if younger than 14);
- Limiting alcoholic beverages* (if consumed) to 2 drinks or less a day for men and 1 drink or less a day for women.
PDF: Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025(>30M)
PDF: 中国居民膳食指南_2021(>38M)
历史上一些重要变化
1. 2015版《美国居民膳食指南》去除胆固醇摄入限制[2]
以前的观点：食源性胆固醇摄入会明显引起血液胆固醇含量的增加。
这种说法在过去非常盛行，出现了很多关于不要多吃鸡蛋（高胆固醇含量）的谣言。甚至有些医学报告建议尽量减少胆固醇的摄入，还有建议每周吃两三个鸡蛋的。
现在观点：食源性胆固醇摄入确实会引起引起血液胆固醇含量的增加，但是只是轻微的影响。
人体正常血液胆固醇含量应该是 2.8mmol/L-5.9mmol/L，而研究表明，每天 100mg 食源性胆固醇对血液胆固醇含量的提升只有 0.038mmol/L。一个鸡蛋的胆固醇含量大概在 200mg 左右。而且，食源性的胆固醇摄入不会明显地提升心血管疾病的几率。所以，胆固醇不再被认为是需要担心过分摄入的营养成分。